In Savolax the Russians also forced the Swedes to withdraw. By the end of July the small forces Sweden had landed and the men that had supported them were either beaten or withdrawn back to their ships. Attempts to stop the Russians deeper in the archipelago were also unsuccessful. Swedish patrol ships (consisting of armed merchant vessels) scouted and raided the coast, taking Russians prisoners to Åland. Tuchkov's battered unit strained to hold its own against Sandels, while the progress of a relief force under General Alekseyev was contained by guerrilla fighters. To prevent the Russians from gaining strength, the Swedish coastal fleet's unit under Rear Admiral Claes Hjelmstjerna tried to engage them twice in battle. The fortress surrendered to the Russians on 18 March after a siege that had lasted roughly a month, with just one man having been wounded in action. On 20 August, two British ships of the line (HMS Implacable and Centaur) joined the Swedish fleet. After a meager Russian bombardment, Gripenberg agreed to negotiations on 10 March. Borgå (Finnish: Porvoo) was captured on 24 February and Helsingfors (Finnish: Helsinki) on 2 March. Meanwhile, on 30 December 1807 Russia announced that should Sweden not give a clear reply Russia would be forced to act. [3], Russia had gathered a wealth of information from Finland using spies and other sources. Sweden then joined the Continental System and closed its harbours to British ships, leading to a formal declaration of war on Great Britain. The Russians had advanced considerably but they had also gained the long and vulnerable coastline with it. These successes yielded a promotion to Field Marshal for Wilhelm Mauritz Klingspor. After the Russian Emperor Alexander I concluded the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon, Alexander, in his letter on 24 September 1807 to the Swedish King Gustav IV Adolf, informed the king that the peaceful relations between Russia and Sweden depended on Swedish agreement to abide by the limitations of the Treaty of Tilsit which in practice meant that Sweden would have been required to follow the Continental System. Second Swedish Retreat. After the Russian Emperor Alexander I concluded the 1807 Treaty of Tilsit with Napoleon, Alexander, in his letter on 24 September 1807 to the Swedish King Gustav IV Adolf, informed the king that the peaceful relations between Russia and Sweden depended on Swedish agreement to abide by the limitations of the Treaty of Tilsit which in practice meant that Sweden would have been required to follow the Continental System. The plan involved using the series of fortifications built after 1790 as staging grounds for the Russian advances into Finland. 1, СПБ, 1889. Back. Russia had gathered a wealth of information from Finland using spies and other sources. The landing began on 19 June and was initially successful. The emperor refused to ratify the truce and replaced Buxhoeveden with a new commander-in-chief, Bogdan von Knorring, in December of that year. His ideas were further developed by General Jan Pieter van Suchtelen before General Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden was appointed as the commander of the Russian army in Finland in December 1807. This site is not endorsed by any one political, governmental or military entity and remains a wholly-independent online property (click. Abandoned Swedish fortifications on the Hangö Peninsula (Finnish: Hanko) were taken and manned on 21 March and on the same day the Russian army took Åbo (Finnish: Turku) while a small detachment was sent to Åland. He was to lead a force of 2,600 men, land somewhere between Nystad (Finnish: Uusikaupunki) and Åbo, and then capture the latter. The Russian fleet reached Hangö on 06 August and chose not to engage the scattered Swedish fleet elements in the vicinity. He was notified of the Russian invasion already on 21 February and since it was impossible to hold the predefined defence lines as the army had not yet fully assembled he ordered the army to assemble at Tavastehus (Finnish: Hämeenlinna). He was to lead a force of 2,600 men, land somewhere between Nystad (Finnish: Uusikaupunki) and Åbo, and then capture the latter. 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The fortress surrendered on 6 May 1808 after prolonged negotiations with the Russians as the commanding officer Carl Olof Cronstedt and his council believed that resistance was futile. The landing succeeded, and together with Swedish troops advancing from the north, they managed to drive the Russians towards Björneborg (Finnish: Pori). . Russian sources might refer to Julian calendar dates. Finnish War (1808-1809), aftermathPin link / Albums/ Maps/ Source Source Borgå (Finnish: Porvoo) was captured on 24 February and Helsingfors (Finnish: Helsinki) on 02 March. Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera. Although he reiterated his demand on November 16, 1807, it took two months before the king responded that it was impossible to honor the previous arrangements as long as the French were in control of the major Baltic ports. The first was at the Battle of Rimito Kramp on 30 June, and after Russians withdrew closer to Åbo, the second was a battle at Pukkisaari on 4 July. As it happened, the bulk of the Swedish army, including the best units, were kept out of the Finnish War by the king, who reserved them for his plans for conquering either Sjælland or Norway. Date: 20 September 2008 (original upload date) Source: Tracé des côtes et des frontières : World Data Base II, corrigé sur la côte occidentale du golfe de Botnie et pour le lac Saimaa par le tracé issu du GSHHS. The Swedish fleet suffered from outbreaks of scurvy and had been unable to maintain the blockade on its own. Referring to the treaties of 1780 and 1800, the emperor demanded that Gustav Adolf close the Baltic Sea to all foreign warships. [8], Sveaborg (Finnish: Suomenlinna) under Admiral Carl Olof Cronstedt had been well prepared for the war with a garrison of 6,000 men, over 700 cannons, and enough stores to last until the summer of 1808. The Finns rose up in guerrilla fighting as far east as Frederikshamn (Finnish: Hamina) within the Old Finland province of Russia. Sweden’s loss of Finland to the Russians is attributed to poor command and Sweden’s inability to utilize the help of their ally at the time - Britain. The Russians utilized the guns from the burned ships, and from those which burned during the winter, and constructed several fortifications on the coast, both in Hangö as well as along narrow passages leading to Åbo.[10]. On February 21, 1808, 24,000 Russian troops under Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoevden crossed the border in Ahvenkoski and took the town of Lovisa (Finnish: Loviisa). Failure to block the Russians led the king to relieve Cederström of his duties and replace him with Commander Henrik Johan Nauckhoff. They met the Russians first at Tallholmen on 21 July and again on 2 August in the Battle of Sandöström. In southern Finland, armies were to isolate the fortifications and first take control of the whole of southern Finland before advancing further to the north. What was the Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812)? By the morning of 20 June, the Swedish forces were forced to withdraw. Even the strongest of the Swedish fortresses, Sveaborg, still had several of its planned fortifications missing, most notably all the land side fortifications designed to protect against a besieging enemy. On 14 March 1808 the Danish Minister in Stockholm presented the declaration of war to the Swedish government, and the Swedish king, Gustav IV Adolf replied with planning an invasion of Själland, in order to force Denmark to seek peace. "Capturing ‘The Gibraltar of the North:’How Swedish Sveaborg was taken by the Russians in 1808.". The Russian emperor was, however, now eager to bring hostilities to the territory of Sweden proper, which was certain to bring the war to a victorious end. The Russians, however, were able to send reinforcements to the area which were, in addition to being numerically superior, both far better trained and equipped than the peasants and militia the Swedes had raised. Swedish efforts to harass the Russians with landings continued, with roughly 1,000 volunteers under Captain Anders Gyllenbögel landing on 01 August to support Swedish-led uprisings on the coast south of Vasa. The Russian commander agreed and speedily recalled Kulnev back to Åland. This forced the Swedes to allocate forces to southern Sweden and along the Norwegian border (23,000 troops). His eagles had flown over Berlin and Vienna, the capitals of two of Europe's most powerful nations, Prussia and Austria. Although he reiterated his demand on 16 November 1807, it took two months before the king responded that it was impossible to honour the previous arrangements as long as the French were in control of the major Baltic ports. The Russian fleet reached Hangö on 6 August and chose not to engage the scattered Swedish fleet elements in the vicinity. About 21,000 Swedish troops were stationed in various fortresses in Finland, while the rest of his army was unable to leave southern Sweden for fear of Danish attack. The advance of the Russian coastal squadron beyond Hangö created difficulties for the Swedes. Abborfors bro 1808.png 1,773 × 665; 33 KB. Having received considerable reinforcements, their numbers increased to 55,000, as opposed to the 36,000 estimated for Sweden. Wachtmeister's action was only a prelude to the peace negotiations that opened in August and resulted in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn (17 September), in which Sweden ceded the whole of Finland and all of its domains east of the Torne River (the north-eastern parts of what was then called Västerbotten, today Norrbotten) to Russia. Landings were further complicated by the Swedish Navy’s failure to tightly block the coastal sea route past Hangö. The surprised Russians garrisoned at Åbo reacted quickly, however, and deployed over 3,000 men to stop the landing force. The Russians used the services of General Georg Magnus Sprengtporten when forming their plans. Since Klingspor had not arrived, Lieutenant General Karl Nathanael af Klercker acted as Swedish commander in Finland. Soon after at the Battle of Revolax (Finnish: Revonlahti), the Swedish army under Colonel Johan Adam Cronstedt started an advance towards the south. Russia, supported by France and its numerous allies (including Denmark ) and Sweden were supported by Britain . Denmark had declared war on Sweden on 14 March and some battles and skirmishes were fought along the Norwegian border. 102-мм единорог.jpg 1,944 × 912; 809 KB. They met the Russians first at Tallholmen on 21 July and again on 02 August in the Battle of Sandöström. Захаров Г., Русско-шведская война 1808-1809, М., 1940. In the south, the Swedish battle fleet remained anchored within the Finnish archipelago, blocking some of the deeper coastal sea routes from Hangö towards Åbo. Quite interesting and eventful period of Finnish war history. Defenses were strong enough to prevent the Russians from trying to storm the fortress by surprise. In Eastern Finland, the guerrilla movement was gradually extinguished. [12] In addition, Colonel Johan Bergenstråhle landed 1,100 Swedes just a few kilometers northeast of Vasa on 25 June and managed to quickly advance to the town. As a consequence, Russia's situation in Southern Finland improved significantly. The king had thought it impossible to defend Finland should the enemy attack during the winter and chose largely to ignore the repeated warnings of the Russian threat he received in early 1808. [6] Since Klingspor had not arrived, Lieutenant General Karl Nathanael af Klercker acted as Swedish commander in Finland. In August, Charles XIII, anxious to improve his position at a peace settlement, ordered General Gustav Wachtmeister to land in the north of Sweden and to attack Kamensky’s rear. Oct 6, 2017 - Finnish War 21 February 1808 – 17 September 1809 СПБ, 1849. The Swedish battlefleet which had been expelling Russians from Gotland was ordered to blockade the Hangö Peninsula and reached the cape on 10 June. In Saint Petersburg, his stubbornness was viewed as a convenient pretext to occupy Finland, thus pushing the Russo-Swedish frontier considerably to the west of the Russian capital and safeguarding it in case of any future hostilities between the two powers. With this objective in mind, Kamensky suggested a daring plan, whereby the Russian army was to cross the frozen Gulf of Bothnia at two locations: one unit was to march from Vasa towards Umeå and the other from Åbo to the Åland Islands and thence towards the vicinity of Stockholm. In May, the Russians suffered further setbacks when they were driven from Gotland and Åland, where a Swedish flotilla, supported by the local population, compelled the small Russian force left on the main island of Fasta Åland to surrender, and then invaded the island of Kumlinge where the bulk of the Russian garrison on the Åland Islands was based. In May, the Russians suffered further setbacks when they were driven from Gotland and Åland, where a Swedish flotilla, supported by the local population, compelled the small Russian force left on the main island of Fasta Åland to surrender, and then invaded the island of Kumlinge where the bulk of the Russian garrison on the Åland Islands was based. Swedish forces had mostly just withdrawn before the advancing Russian often destroying usable materials. Then in the spring, counterattack simultaneously from north and south, when the Swedish army would have naval support and the Russian army would be spread over Finland and thus have long supply lines. Russian ships continued to arrive from the east but remained within the shallow narrows where the Swedish ships of the line could not reach. As Russian forces embarked upon their unprecedented march across the frozen gulf, King Gustav IV – accused of fatal mistakes leading to the loss of Finland – was dethroned in Stockholm on 13 March, and his uncle was proclaimed Charles XIII of Sweden. The Finnish War 1808–1809. As Russian forces embarked upon their unprecedented march across the frozen gulf, King Gustav IV — accused of fatal mistakes leading to the loss of Finland — was dethroned in Stockholm on 13 March, and his uncle was proclaimed Charles XIII of Sweden. In 1808, a British expeditionary force under John Moore arrived in Sweden, but after months of idleness departed for the beginning of what became known as the Peninsular War (1807-1814). Swedish landings were invariably made with poorly equipped and trained forces, often with troops who had very low morale. The presence of the British naval units kept the Russian battlefleet strictly confined to Kronstadt, and after the British constructed artillery batteries to the Porkkala cape they cut off the coastal sea route from Russian ships. By November 1808, Russian forces had overrun all of Finland. Then in the spring, counterattack simultaneously from north and south, when the Swedish army would have naval support and the Russian army would be spread over Finland and thus have long supply lines. King Gustav Adolf did this after securing an alliance with Britain on 8 February 1808. The situation was problematic for Sweden, since it once again faced both Denmark and Russia as potential enemies requiring the Swedes to split their forces. The same coin depicts both the pre-war Finnish history, with the withdrawing Swedish crown on the reverse side, and the post-war future of the country, with the Russian eagle symbol on the obverse side. [11], Major General Eberhard von Vegesack was chosen to lead the first Swedish army to Finland. In addition, several new good roads had been built into Finland greatly reducing the earlier dependency on naval support for any large operation in Finland.[2]. Please see the category guidelines for more information. The Russian advance was swift. While none of the fights ended with a decisive winner, the overall strategic victory went to Russia, who gained advantage in the Finnish archipelago by managing to link up their separate coastal units. The landing succeeded, and together with Swedish troops advancing from the north, they managed to drive the Russians towards Björneborg (Finnish: Pori). Fighting ended in a stalemate, but can be viewed as a Swedish failure since they failed to decisively defeat the Russians. The third force, commanded by Count Shuvalov, struck against Torneå and, braving fierce frost, encircled a Swedish army, which capitulated on 25 March. The Road to War. Learning that the Russians intended to go around the island of Kimito (Finnish: Kimitoön), a Swedish force of gunboats was deployed to the narrows. The Swedish battlefleet which had been expelling Russians from Gotland was ordered to blockade the Hangö Peninsula and reached the cape on 10 June. New Project: Russo-Swedish War in 1808-1809 aka "The Finnish War" (Suomen Sota) Updated! Спб, 1910 large stores of supplies and munitions gathered a wealth of from. 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Period of Finnish war of 1808-09 henkilön osallistuminen Suomen sotaan, Cederström learned the... By Kamensky did little to change Russian superiority in the vicinity counter-attacked at and... The surprised Russians garrisoned at Åbo reacted quickly, however, the Swedish fleet... Created difficulties for the plan involved using the series of fortifications built after 1790 staging! Ниве П. А., Русско-шведская война 1808-1809, М., 1940 built after 1790 staging. Denmark had declared war on Sweden on 14 August, allowing the Russian coastal beyond. Central Ostrobothnia fort along his way the background of the Swedish army was forced withdraw... Profiilin tähän projektiin, tarkista, että profiilista ilmenee henkilön osallistuminen Suomen sotaan tightly block the Russians deeper in archipelago! The landing began on 19 November, the Swedish advance was very slow however, and responses. Finland from Sweden to Russia nikolay Tuchkov, a Russian General who dispatched.